Content code
h0009
Slug (identifier)
determine-causes-and-consequences
Parent content
Grades
Secondary I
Secondary II
Secondary III
Secondary IV
Topic
History
Content
Contenu
Links
Title (level 2)
What is a Cause?
Title slug (identifier)
what-is-a-cause
Contenu
Corps

A cause is a fact that explains an event. It allows us to understand why an event occurred. In history, as in other areas of study, an event always has one or more causes.

Image
Diagram of a cause that leads to an event.
Corps

A cause can be:

  • a reason

  • a motive

  • a motivation

  • an objective

Content
Corps

From a chronological standpoint, a cause always comes before the event because the cause leads to the event in question.

Content
Corps

One way to see if an element is a cause is to use the question Why? linked to the relation marker because. In the example below, why do the street lights come on? This is because the sun has set. So sunset is the cause of the street lights turning on.

Image
Illustration of the sunset that causes the street lights to turn on.
Title (level 2)
What is a Consequence?
Title slug (identifier)
what-is-a-consequence
Contenu
Corps

A consequence is the result of an event. Every event has one or more consequences.

Content
Corps

A consequence can be positive or negative.

Image
Diagram of an event that leads to a consequence.
Corps

A consequence can be:

  • an impact

  • an effect

  • a result

  • a continuation

  • a repercussion

Content
Corps

A consequence is what happens after the event.

Content
Corps

What would be a consequence of cooking dinner? A consequence of preparing food is getting a meal for supper. This is a positive consequence.

Title (level 2)
What are the Typical Tasks of This Intellectual Operation?
Title slug (identifier)
what-are-the-typical-tasks-of-this-intellectual-operation
Contenu
Corps

The tasks of the intellectual operation ‘determine causes and consequences’ take different forms. You may be asked to:

  • identify the cause or consequence of an event

  • determine which of two documents presents the cause and which presents the consequence of an event

  • identify the documents that present the causes or consequences of an event

Content
Corps

To do this intellectual operation, identifying the causes and consequences (either by the document number or in a short sentence) is enough: there is no need to explain further. Just identify them.

Title (level 3)
Identify the Cause or Consequence of an Event from a Document
Title slug (identifier)
identify-the-cause-or-event-of-an-event-from-a-document
Corps

In this type of task, you have a document to help you identify the cause or consequence of the event named in the statement. Analyzing this document gives you clues to identify the correct answer.

Content
Corps

Statement: Using document 1, identify a consequence of winter weather in Canada.

Legend
Document 1
Image
Man wearing a winter coat and a toque.
Description
Source: HomeArt, Shutterstock.com
Solution
Corps

There are several consequences of the cold Canadian winter. The analysis of document 1 gives you clues to identify the consequence. This document shows a person dressed warmly with a coat and a toque. The consequence of the cold temperatures has to do with clothing. The consequence identified is that cold weather in the winter causes people in Canada to dress warmly.

Title (level 3)
Determine, between two documents, which one presents the cause and which one presents the consequence of an event
Title slug (identifier)
determine-between-two-documents-which-one-presents-the-cause-and-which-one-presents-the-consequence-of-an-event
Corps

For each document, you must determine whether it represents a cause or a consequence of the event.

Content
Corps

If you have a problem with one document, focus on the other one. This way, if you determine that one is the cause, the other document must be the consequence, and vice versa.

Content
Corps

Using documents 1 and 2, identify the cause and consequence of a carrot growing in a garden.

Columns number
2 columns
Format
50% / 50%
First column
Legend
Document 1
Image
Person pulling carrots from a garden.
Description
Source: alicja neumiler, Shutterstock.com
Second column
Legend
Document 2
Image
Person sowing seeds in the middle of a furrow in the ground.
Description
Source: Nosyrevy, Shutterstock.com
Solution
Corps

A carrot is a plant. Typically, a seed must be put in the ground for a plant to develop and grow. Document 2, showing a hand placing seeds in the ground, depicts this.

Document 1 shows a person harvesting carrots. Before a carrot can be harvested, a seed must be planted and it must grow. So document 1 cannot come before document 2.

The answer is that document 2 is the cause of the event, a carrot growing in a garden, and document 1 is the consequence of that same event.

Title (level 3)
Identify the Document that Presents the Cause or Consequence of an Event
Title slug (identifier)
identify-the-document-that-presents-the-cause-or-the-consequence-of-an-event
Content
Corps

Statement: Among the following documents, identify the one that shows the cause of a flat tire.

Columns number
3 columns
Format
33% / 33% / 33%
First column
Legend
Document 1
Image
Nail on the road.
Description
Source: BlackstarRedbuff, Shutterstock.com
Second column
Legend
Document 2
Image
Dirt road.
Description
Source: rsooll, Shutterstock.com
Third column
Legend
Document 3
Image
Paved road.
Description
Source: Veronique Duplain, Shutterstock.com
Solution
Corps

Document 1 shows a sharp object (indicated as a nail) on the road. Document 2 shows a dirt road and document 3 shows a paved road.

Of the three items shown, the one most likely to cause a flat tire is the sharp object on the road. So the answer to the statement is document 1.

Title (level 2)
Examples of a Concrete Process
Title slug (identifier)
examples-of-a-concrete-process
Contenu
Content
Corps

It is highly recommended that you read the concept sheet on intellectual operations to fully understand how to complete the tasks for the different intellectual operations.

Corps

The two examples below are similar to what you might see on an exam. Try to complete the task before looking at the detailed solution. This will help you to see how well you can do the intellectual operations.

Content
Corps

The two examples below are related to concepts that you might not have seen before. If so, don’t worry, you’ll learn them when they are introduced in class.

The example for the first cycle relates to the unit Sedentarization.

The example for the second cycle relates to the unit on the Indigenous Peoples and the Settlement Project.

Title (level 3)
Example for Cycle One
Title slug (identifier)
example-for-cycle-one
Content
Corps

Statement: Two of the four documents below present the consequences of the sedentarization of populations. Identify which two.

Columns number
2 columns
Format
50% / 50%
First column
Legend
Document 1
Image
Neolithic pottery.
Description
Source: Late Neolithic pottery. Phaistos (Faistos)? 3600 – 3000 BC. Archaeological Museum of Heraklion [Photograph], Zde, 2014, Wikimédia, (URL). CC BY 4.0.
Second column
Legend
Document 2
Image
Carved stone tool.
Description
Source: Dan Shachar, Shutterstock.com
Columns number
2 columns
Format
50% / 50%
First column
Legend
Document 3
Image
Shelter made of skins.
Description
Source: Aleksei Zakirov, Shutterstock.com
Second column
Legend
Document 4
Image
A weaving loom (a device used to make cloth).
Description

A weaving loom (a device used to make cloth).

Source: Wizzy11, Shutterstock.com
Corps

To find out more about this topic, see the concept sheet on Economic Activities of the First Sedentary People.

Solution
Title (level 3)
1. Read and analyze the task
Corps

Statement: Two of the four documents below present the consequences of the sedentarization of populations. Identify which two.

What must I do? I must identify two documents among the four.

What must I identify? The two documents present advanced technologies that are the consequences of the sedentarization of populations.

Title (level 3)
2. Read and analyze the documents
Legend
Document 1
Image
Neolithic pottery.
Description
Source: Late Neolithic pottery. Phaistos (Faistos)? 3600 – 3000 BC. Archaeological Museum of Heraklion [Photograph], Zde, 2014, Wikimédia, (URL). CC BY 4.0.
Columns number
2 columns
Format
50% / 50%
First column
Corps

The 5W

Who?
-
This document does not identify the who? component
What?
A pottery jar
In the image, we see a container that is taller than it is wide and has a handle. Its colour and texture suggest that it was made using the pottery technique.
When?
-
This document does not identify the when? component.
Where?
-
This document does not identify the where? component.
Why?
-
This document does not identify the why? component.
Second column
Corps

The historical phrase

This is a photograph that shows a pottery container.

Since the document does not give information about time or space, there is no way to make a complete historical phrase.

Legend
Document 2
Image
Carved stone tool.
Description
Source: Dan Shachar, Shutterstock.com
Columns number
2 columns
Format
50% / 50%
First column
Corps

The 5W

Who?
-
This document does not identify the who? component
What?
A carved stone tool
The shape of the stone and the traces of blows left on its surface show that this stone has been carved. It is a tool made by a human.
When?
-
This document does not identify the when? component.
Where?
-
This document does not identify the where? component.
Why?
-
This document does not identify the why? component.
Second column
Corps

The historical phrase

This is a photograph that shows a carved stone.

Since the document does not give information about time or space, there is no way to make a complete historical phrase.

Legend
Document 3
Image
Shelter made of skins.
Description
Source: Aleksei Zakirov, Shutterstock.com
Columns number
2 columns
Format
50% / 50%
First column
Corps

The 5W

Who?
-
This document does not identify the who? component
What?
A shelter made of animal skins and bones
The image shows a hut whose walls are covered with animal skins, bones and antlers.
When?
-
This document does not identify the when? component.
Where?
-
This document does not identify the where? component.
Why?
-
This document does not identify the why? component.
Second column
Corps

The historical phrase

This is a photograph that shows a shelter made of animal skins and bones.

Since the document does not give information about time or space, there is no way to make a complete historical phrase.

Legend
Document 4
Image
A weaving loom.
Description

A weaving loom

Source: Wizzy11, Shutterstock.com
Columns number
2 columns
Format
50% / 50%
First column
Corps

The 5W

Who?
-
This document does not identify the who? component
What?
A loom
This information can be found in the image description. And looking closely at the image, you can see threads hanging from a fabric being woven.
When?
-
This document does not identify the when? component.
Where?
-
This document does not identify the where? component.
Why?
-
This document does not identify the why? component.
Second column
Corps

The historical phrase

This is a photograph that shows a machine that interlaces threads.

Since the document does not give information about time or space, there is no way to make a complete historical phrase.

Title (level 3)
3. Refresh your knowledge
Corps

I know that the pottery technique is a development that appeared after sedentarization and that it was a useful way to easily cook food or store it.

I know that the technique of stone cutting was known and used long before the sedentarization of populations.

I know that shelters made of bone and animal skins were used long before the sedentarization of populations.

I know that weaving is a technical advance that appeared after sedentarization. One of its benefits was that it enabled the use of vegetable fibres to replace animal skins to make clothing.

Title (level 3)
4. Complete the task
Corps

The two documents showing the technical advances resulting from the sedentarization of populations are document 1 and document 4.

Title (level 3)
Example for Cycle Two
Title slug (identifier)
example-for-cycle-two
Content
Corps

Statement: Among the following documents, identify which one presents a cause and which one presents a consequence of Jacques Cartier’s explorations in Canada.

Document 1

“In 1534, the king entrusted Jacques Cartier with the mission of finding ressources and a new route to Asia.”

Source: Campeau, F. et al. (2018). Reflection.qc.ca - Origins to 1840. Chenelière Éducation.
Document 2

“The king appointed Jean-François de la Rocque, Sieur de Roberval, to be responsible for the future of the colony.l”

Source: Campeau, F. et al. (2018). Reflection.qc.ca - Origins to 1840. Chenelière Éducation.
Document 3

“In the Vallée Saint-Laurent, Cartier erected two forts at the mouth of the Rivière du Cap Rouge. He called them Charlebourg-Royal.”

Source: Campeau, F. et al. (2018). Reflection.qc.ca - Origins to 1840. Chenelière Éducation.

Answer

Cause Consequence
   
Solution
Title (level 3)
1. Read and analyze the task
Corps

Statement: “Of the following documents, identify which document presents a cause and which one presents a consequence of Jacques Cartier’s explorations in Canada.”

What must I do? Identify a cause and a consequence of Jacques Cartier’s explorations in Canada

What must I use? Two of the three documents

Title (level 3)
2. Read and analyze the documents
Corps
Document 1

“In 1534, the king entrusted Jacques Cartier with the mission of finding ressources and a new route to Asia

Source: Campeau, F. et al. (2018). Reflection.qc.ca - Origins to 1840. Chenelière Éducation.
Columns number
2 columns
Format
50% / 50%
First column
Corps

The 5W

Who?
Francis I, King of France
This information is in the document.
What?
His interest in natural resources and the possibility of finding a route to Asia
This information is in the document.
When?
In 1534
This information is in the document.
Where?
France
Since the document is about the king of France and his interest, we can infer that the where? component is France.
Why?
To find a new route to Asia because of the territory’s trading potential.
This information is in the document.
Second column
Corps

Historical phrase

This is F. Campeau et al. summarizing Francis I’s interest in the natural resources of a new territory and the potential for finding a route to Asia in the 16th century from France.

Corps
Document 2

“The king appointed Jean-François de la Rocque, Sieur de Roberval, to be responsible for the future of the colony.”

Source: Campeau, F. et al. (2018). Reflection.qc.ca - Origins to 1840. Chenelière Éducation.
Columns number
2 columns
Format
50% / 50%
First column
Corps

The 5W

Who?
Jean-François de La Rocque, Sieur de Roberval
This information is in the document.
What?
He was appointed commander of the fleet.
The document states that the king appointed him to establish a settlement in the colony.
When?
-
This document does not identify the when? component.
Where?
-
This document does not identify the where? component.
Why?
-
This document does not identify the why? component.
Second column
Corps

The historical phrase

F. Campeau et al. highlights the fact that Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval was appointed commander of the fleet.

Corps
Document 3

“In the Vallée Saint-Laurent, Cartier erected two forts at the mouth of the Rivière du Cap Rouge. He called them Charlesbourg-Royal.”

Source: Campeau, F. et al. (2018). Reflection.qc.ca - Origins to 1840. Chenelière Éducation.
Columns number
2 columns
Format
50% / 50%
First column
Corps

The 5W

Who?
Cartier
This information is in the document.
What?
The establishment of a settlement and the construction of two forts
This information is in the document.
When?
-
This document does not identify the when? component.
Where?
At Charlesbourg-Royal
The landmarks all refer to Charlesbourg-Royal.
Why?
-
This document does not identify the why? component.
Second column
Corps

The historical phrase

This is F. Campeau et al.describing Cartier’s settlement at Charlesbourg-Royal.

Title (level 3)
3. Refresh your knowledge
Corps

I know that France wanted to discover new riches and that to do so, it had to send an explorer.

I know that Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval participated in the third voyage to Canada.

I know that after exploring Canada twice, Jacques Cartier tried to establish a settlement there.

Title (level 3)
4. Complete the task
Corps

Among the following documents, identify which one presents a cause and which one presents a consequence of Jacques Cartier’s explorations in Canada.

Cause Consequence
Document 1 Document 3

Document 1 shows one of the causes of Jacques Cartier’s explorations in Canada, as it discusses the reasons why the King of France was interested in America. Document 3 shows a consequence of Cartier’s explorations, as it shows the establishment of a settlement in Canada.

The fact that Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval was the commander of the third expedition is not a cause of Jacques Cartier’s explorations nor is it a consequence. As such, document 2 is put aside.

Title (level 2)
See Also
Title slug (identifier)
see-also
Contenu
Links
Title (level 2)
Exercices
Title slug (identifier)
exercices
Contenu
Références en texte

Alloprof. (s.d.-a). Jacques Cartier. https://www.alloprof.qc.ca/fr/eleves/bv/histoire/jacques-cartier-1491-1557-d1101 

Alloprof. (s.d.-b). La première tentative de colonisation des Français en Amérique. https://www.alloprof.qc.ca/fr/eleves/bv/histoire/le-projet-de-colonie-des-francais-en-amerique-h1511 

Zde. (2014). Late Neolithic pottery. Phaistos (Faistos)? 3600 – 3000 BC. Archaeological Museum of Heraklion [Photographie]. Wikimédia. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Late_Neolithic_pottery,_Crete,_3600%E2%80%933000_BC,_AMH,_144495.jpg. CC BY 4.0.

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