Establishing connections between facts means associating facts with descriptions or indications (evidence from the past). You may be asked to associate elements such as opinions, ideologies, events, economic activities with facts. Each document must be assigned to the correct fact or category. In other words, it involves making connections between facts.
The tasks related to the intellectual operation to establish connections between facts require associating facts together and classifying them.
Here are six documents that each show a fruit or a vegetable.
| Document 1 | Document 2 | Document 3 |
|---|---|---|
|
Source: Tim UR, Shutterstock.com |
 Source: Maks Narodenko, Shutterstock.com |
 Source: Valentina Razumova, Shutterstock.com |
| Document 4 | Document 5 | Document 6 |
 Source: Miguel G. Saavedra, Shutterstock.com |
Source: Valentina Razumova, Shutterstock.com |
Source: Byjeng, Shutterstock.com |
Establishing connections between facts is like asking you to classify fruit on one side and vegetables on the other. By analyzing each document, you identify what it shows. Then you decide whether it is a fruit or a vegetable and put it in the correct category.
Your answer would look like this:
| Documents that show a fruit | Documents that show a vegetable |
|---|---|
|
Document 1 Document 2 Document 5 |
Document 3 Document 4 Document 6 |
In history, a task to establish connections between facts can involve identifying a document that supports a historical fact or statement.
You might be asked to use excerpts from Samuel de Champlain’s travel journal to support the fact that he founded the City of Quebec.
Generally, a document in a documentary record cannot be used more than once in an exam. So, if a document has already been used, it can be eliminated and you can focus on the remaining documents to classify them and make the right associations. Doing this by elimination can help you in situations where a document is more difficult to place.
It is highly recommended that you read the concept sheet on intellectual operations to fully understand how to complete the tasks for the different intellectual operations.
The two examples below are similar to what you might see on an exam. Try to complete the task before looking at the detailed solution. This will help you to see how well you can do the intellectual operations.
The two examples below are related to concepts that you might not have seen before. If so, don’t worry, you’ll learn them when they are introduced in class.
The example for Cycle One focuses on the module An Early Experience of Democracy.
The example for Cycle Two focuses on the module Indigenous Peoples and the Settlement Project (from its origins to 1608).
Statement: Identify the documents that show rights exclusive to the class of citizens of Athenian society.
|
Document A |
Tokens used by the Ecclesia Source: Andronos Haris, Shutterstock.com |
|---|---|
| Document B |
Cargo ships Source: Dudchik, Shutterstock.com |
| Document C |  Weighing goods Source: Taleides, 540–530 av. J.-C. |
| Document D |
“In Politics and Rhetoric, Aristotle defines property by two elements, use and exchange. […] However, this is private property and not family property.” Aristotle’s definition Source: Intartaglia, 2018. |
Answer
| Rights that are exclusive to the class of citizens | Elements shared by more than one social class | |
|---|---|---|
| Document | _ and _ | _ and _ |
Statement: Identify the documents that show the exclusive rights of citizens in Athenian society.
What must I do? I must identify.
What must I identify? The documents that show the exclusive rights of citizens in Athenian society.
Source: Andronos Haris, Shutterstock.com
| Who? |
|---|
| - |
| The document does not identify the who? component. |
| What? |
| Tokens used by the Ecclesia |
| There are pieces of ceramic in the image. These are identified in the image description as tokens used by the Ecclesia. |
| When? |
| During antiquity |
| The document does not identify the when? component, but it can be inferred that these voting tokens come from antiquity since the Ecclesia is an institution that existed in ancient Greece. |
| Where? |
| In Athens |
| The document does not identify the where? component, but it can be inferred that it is related to the city of Athens since the Ecclesia was an institution from that city. |
| Why? |
| - |
| The document does not identify the why? component. |
This is a photograph that shows tokens used by the Ecclesia in Athens during antiquity.
In this document, the speaker is the photograph.
| Who? |
|---|
| - |
| The document does not identify the who? component. |
| What? |
| Cargo ships |
| In the image, we see people unloading a ship. Also, the image description says that it is a cargo ship. |
| When? |
| - |
| The document does not identify the when? component. |
| Where? |
| - |
| The document does not identify the where? component. |
| Why? |
| - |
| The document does not identify the why? component |
Source: Taleides, 540–530 av. J.-C.
| Who? |
|---|
| - |
| The document does not identify the who? component. |
| What? |
| The weighing of goods |
| In the image, we see a drawing of what looks like a scale and the image description gives another good clue. |
| When? |
| About 540–530 BC. |
| The source of the document gives approximate dates during the antiquity period. |
| Where? |
| - |
| The document does not identify the where? component. |
| Why? |
| - |
| The document does not identify the why? component. |
This is an image that shows the weighing of goods around 540–530 BC.
It is also not possible to identify the space component for this document.
Document D |
|
“Aristotle defines ownership in politics and rhetoric through two elements, use and exchange […]. However, this is private property and not family property.” Aristotle’s definition Source: Intartaglia, 2018. |
| Who? |
|---|
| Aristotle |
| This information is in the excerpt. |
| What? |
| Definition of ownership |
| This information is in the excerpt. |
| When? |
| During antiquity |
| The document does not mention this information, but you can infer it based on your knowledge. It makes sense to say that Aristotle developed his definition during his lifetime. Given that he lived during antiquity, we can infer that he is referring to this period. |
| Where? |
| - |
| The document does not identify the where? component. |
| Why? |
| - |
| The document does not identify the why? component. |
Aristotle defined what ownership is during antiquity.
The only component lacking for a complete historical phrase is space.
Even if it is not possible to answer all of the questions in the 5 W, or formulate a complete historical phrase, this does not mean that all of the information needed to complete the task is not available. In this example, the “what?” element is the most important one, as it will help to identify the documents that are related to the exclusive rights of citizens.
I know that the Ecclesia was an institution reserved for the class of citizens.
I know that only citizens could participate in political life and that they were the only ones who could vote.
I know that the metics were active in buying and selling goods.
I know that only citizens could own land.
Answer
| Rights exclusive to citizens | Elements shared by more than one social class | |
|---|---|---|
| Document | A and D | C and B |
The letters that should be placed in the first box are A and D since their document shows elements that were reserved for citizens. The voting tokens in Document A refer to the exercise of democracy and the right to vote, two things that were reserved for citizens. Document D, on the other hand, refers to ownership rights. Since citizens are the only ones who could own land or property (such as a house), this is another good answer.
Documents B and C are related to trade, an activity which many metics practised. So trade was not exclusive to citizens.
Statement: Write the number of the document corresponding to each language family in the appropriate place.
| Document A | Document B | Document C |
|---|---|---|
|
Source: Pierre5018, Wikimedia. |
Source: Hunter, 1946. |
Source: Bartlett, circa 1800. |
Answer
| Language family | Document |
|---|---|
| Algonquian | |
| Iroquoian | |
| Inuit |
For more details about Indigenous peoples’ ways of life, see the concept sheet The Different Ways of Life of Indigenous Peoples.
Statement: Write the number of the document corresponding to the correct language family in the appropriate place.
What must I do? I must classify the documents to put them in the right category.
What must I identify? The language families
Source: Pierre5018, Wikimedia.
| Who? |
|---|
| - |
| The who? must be inferred using your knowledge. This is one of the elements you need to look for to complete this task. |
| What? |
| A longhouse |
| The picture shows a large building that is recognizable as a longhouse. |
| When? |
| - |
| The document does not identify the when? component. |
| Where? |
| - |
| The document does not identify the where? component. |
| Why? |
| - |
| The document does not identify the why? component. |
Source: Hunter, 1946.
| Who? |
|---|
| - |
| The who? must be inferred using your knowledge. This is one of the things you need to look for to complete this task. |
| What? |
| The beginning of an igloo |
| Two people are shown between walls made of snow. It can be assumed that these walls will form a snow building like an igloo. |
| When? |
| - |
| The document does not identify the when? component. |
| Where? |
| - |
| The document does not identify the where? component. |
| Why? |
| - |
| The document does not identify the why? component. |
Source: Bartlett, circa 1800.
| Who? |
|---|
| - |
| The who? must be inferred using your knowledge. This is one of the things you need to look for to complete this task. |
| What? |
| A camp near a river |
| The image shows people standing near a canoe and in front of tents in a forest. |
| When? |
| - |
| The document does not identify the when? component. |
| Where? |
| - |
| The document does not identify the where? component. |
| Why? |
| - |
| The document does not identify the why? component. |
Even if it is not possible to answer all of the questions in the 5 W or formulate a complete historical phrase, this does not mean that all of the information needed to complete the task is not available. In this example, the “what?” is the most useful factor because it will help you determine which language family each image comes from.
I know that the Algonquians were nomadic and moved around to hunt and fish. I also know that they lived in tents so that they could travel more easily.
I know that the Iroquoians were more sedentary, living in villages and longhouses.
I know that the Inuit lived further north in the territory and used snow, among other things, as a building material.
Answer
| Language family | Document |
|---|---|
| Algonquian | C |
| Iroquoian | A |
| Inuit | B |
Since Document C shows people with tents and a canoe, it is more related to the nomadic way of life. This is a characteristic of the Algonquian language family. Document C should thus be classified with this language family.
Document A shows a more permanent dwelling, the longhouse. It would thus be used by a mostly sedentary population. Since it is a characteristic of the Iroquoian language family, Document A should be classified with it.
Document B shows two people in the beginning of a snow structure. This is consistent with the Inuit language family since they live further north where there is more snow. Document B should thus be associated with this language family.
Bartlett, W.H. (vers 1800). Wigwam in the forest [Image]. Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/1996219
Hunter, G. (mars 1946). [Joseph Pork Kangiryuaq and Alex Ikkat Uqqaat, stand outside an igloo] [Kunegeynek and his grandson Ikket of Baker Lake stand outside an Igloo. [The man has also been identified as Kigusiutnaq] [Photographie]. Bibliothèque et Archives Canada. https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/fra/recherchecollection/Pages/notice.aspx?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=3374343
Intartaglia, D. (juillet 2018). Systèmes et droits fonciers en Grèce archaïque et classique [Mémoire de fin de première année de CSA, Institut supérieur d’Anthropologie INDIANA — UNI VERSITAS]. https://www.academia.edu/37365151/Syst%C3%A8mes_et_droits_fonciers_en_Gr%C3%A8ce_archa%C3%AFque_et_classique
Pierre5018. (aout 2012). Reconstitution d’une maison longue huronne pour le film « Robe Noire », site de la Nouvelle-France [Photographie]. Wikimedia. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Huron-Maison-Longue-Reconstitu%C3%A9e-Ext%C3%A9rieur_01.jpg. CC 4.0
Taleides. (vers 540-530 av. J.-C.). Terracotta amphora (jar) [Image]. Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/130015076